The Moral Letters to Lucilius is one of Seneca’s later literary works. Written during the last years of his life, they make up a highly valuable piece of work, so much so that many critics consider them to be a masterpiece of moral philosophy. They are written in Latin and divided into 22 books, two of which have been lost. We now have access to 124 letters divided into subjects, or philosophical themes, covering various areas of everyday life: from time management and how to dress for various kinds of public appearances, to travelling the world and knowing how to control our instincts.
Seneca expounds his opinion with the grace of a professor who is able to teach us a great deal, but who also never stops learning himself. His intention is to teach, and leave a legacy of valuable information on how to live a life worth living. In one of his letters, Seneca reveals that much of what he writes to his friend Lucilius, the imperial procurator in Sicily, are things he learnt too late in life, and that he therefore wishes to share, in order to prevent others from making the same mistakes.
We do not know for sure that the letters actually reached Lucilius, or whether there was ever an exchange between the two, because the letters are perfect from a literary point of view, and seem ready to be published. In any case, even if these doubts are well-founded, the value of Seneca’s words remains intact, and with his wise advice, he consistently urges us to be better, more aware people.
Seneca writes in the first person and addresses his friend Lucilius in a friendly tone with simple language. He encourages Lucilius to use measure, and invites him to maintain balance, as the correct path usually lies somewhere in the middle ground between two opposites. Those who manage to keep themselves centred, avoid excess, remain in control of their emotions, stay healthy, and are able to learn. Balance is a quality that can be achieved with patience, by opening the soul to an inner calm and the body to its inner voice. Balance is also achieved by avoiding excesses.
Seneca's unique style is reflected in his language: in order to make sure a concept is easily understandable, he exaggerates its opposite. For example, when emphasising the importance of remaining down-to-earth, Seneca encourages moderation, and urges us to avoid overindulging. People who act and dress extravagantly tend to prioritise getting themselves noticed over searching for spiritual advancement.
Seneca also prompts us to seek and follow good examples, and he says that, in order to do so, it is important that we reject immorality by avoiding crowds. This is because those who are comfortable in crowds tend to lose their individuality, and become incapable of getting back on the right path.
